From 41b34d2a9d4ac650d491bd0bc77ebf62ae648211 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: cowmonk <cowmonk@based.pt>
Date: Fri, 18 Jul 2025 23:50:07 -0700
Subject: [PATCH] cowos attempted gdt, but at least we have vga drivers now

---
 Makefile                           |   9 +-
 README.md                          |   3 +
 kernel/drivers/video/vga.c         | 145 ++++++++++++++++++++---------
 kernel/drivers/video/vga.o         | Bin 0 -> 9712 bytes
 kernel/include/drivers/video/vga.h |  63 +++++--------
 kernel/include/fb.h                |  22 -----
 kernel/include/gdt.h               |  28 ++++++
 kernel/init/kernel.c               |  36 +++----
 kernel/init/kernel.o               | Bin 0 -> 6720 bytes
 kernel/klibc/stdio.o               | Bin 0 -> 6576 bytes
 kernel/klibc/string.o              | Bin 0 -> 6920 bytes
 kernel/x86/gdt.c                   |  73 +++++++++++++++
 kernel/x86/gdt.o                   | Bin 0 -> 5200 bytes
 scripts/limine-git.sh              |  14 +++
 14 files changed, 253 insertions(+), 140 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kernel/drivers/video/vga.o
 delete mode 100644 kernel/include/fb.h
 create mode 100644 kernel/include/gdt.h
 create mode 100644 kernel/init/kernel.o
 create mode 100644 kernel/klibc/stdio.o
 create mode 100644 kernel/klibc/string.o
 create mode 100644 kernel/x86/gdt.c
 create mode 100644 kernel/x86/gdt.o
 create mode 100755 scripts/limine-git.sh

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 694385f..bad4f80 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -15,14 +15,7 @@ kernel:
 	make -C ./kernel/ all
 
 limine: kernel
-	git clone https://github.com/limine-bootloader/limine.git --branch=v9.x-binary --depth=1
-	make -C limine
-	
-	cp -v limine/limine-bios.sys limine/limine-bios-cd.bin \
-            limine/limine-uefi-cd.bin isodir/boot/limine/
-
-	cp -v limine/BOOTX64.EFI isodir/EFI/BOOT/
-	cp -v limine/BOOTIA32.EFI isodir/EFI/BOOT/
+	./scripts/limine-git.sh
 	
 clean:
 	rm cowos.iso
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3b93a81..a0d44dd 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -24,3 +24,6 @@ make
 
 # Credits
 - [Limine](https://github.com/limine-bootloader/limine): modern, advanced, portable, multiprotocol bootloader and boot manager. 
+
+## People
+- micl: random guy on the interweb in the LHL discord server gave me a free vga driver to use lol
diff --git a/kernel/drivers/video/vga.c b/kernel/drivers/video/vga.c
index 46663b3..9cf1715 100644
--- a/kernel/drivers/video/vga.c
+++ b/kernel/drivers/video/vga.c
@@ -1,61 +1,118 @@
 #include <drivers/video/vga.h>
-/* #include <bootloader.h> */
-#include <string.h>
 
-/* for frame buffer
-static volatile struct limine_framebuffer_request limineFBreq = {
-    .id = LIMINE_FRAMEBUFFER_REQUEST, .revision = 0};
-*/
-
-size_t term_row;
-size_t term_col;
-uint8_t term_color;
-uint16_t* term_buf = (uint16_t*)VGA_MEMORY;
-
-void
-term_init(void)
+// Helper functions for port IO
+static inline void
+outb(uint16_t port, uint8_t val)
 {
-        term_row = 0;
-        term_col = 0;
-        term_color = vga_entry_color(VGA_COLOR_WHITE, VGA_COLOR_BLACK);
+   	__asm__ volatile ("outb %0, %1" : : "a"(val), "Nd"(port));
+}
 
-        for (size_t y = 0; y < VGA_HEIGHT; y++) {
-                for (size_t x = 0; x < VGA_WIDTH; x++) {
-                        const size_t index = y * VGA_WIDTH + x;
-                        term_buf[index] = vga_entry(' ', term_color);
-                }
-        }
+static inline uint8_t
+inb(uint16_t port)
+{
+    	uint8_t ret;
+    	__asm__ volatile ("inb %1, %0" : "=a"(ret) : "Nd"(port));
+    	return ret;
+}
+
+// Write vga registers for mode change
+static void
+write_regs(uint8_t *regs)
+{
+    	unsigned i;
+    	
+    	// Write misc output register
+    	outb(VGA_MISC_WRITE, *regs);
+    	regs++;
+    	
+    	// Write sequencer registers (5 registers)
+    	for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+    	    outb(VGA_SEQ_INDEX, i);
+    	    outb(VGA_SEQ_DATA, *regs);
+    	    regs++;
+    	}
+    	
+    	// Unlock CRTC registers 0-7 by clearing protect bit
+    	outb(VGA_CRTC_INDEX, 0x03);
+    	outb(VGA_CRTC_DATA, inb(VGA_CRTC_DATA) | 0x80);
+    	outb(VGA_CRTC_INDEX, 0x11);
+    	outb(VGA_CRTC_DATA, inb(VGA_CRTC_DATA) & ~0x80);
+    	
+    	// Update the register values to match
+    	regs[0x03] = regs[0x03] | 0x80;
+    	regs[0x11] = regs[0x11] & ~0x80;
+    	
+    	// Write CRTC registers (25 registers)
+    	for (i = 0; i < 25; i++) {
+    	    outb(VGA_CRTC_INDEX, i);
+    	    outb(VGA_CRTC_DATA, *regs);
+    	    regs++;
+    	}
+    	
+    	// Write graphics controller registers (9 registers)
+    	for (i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
+    	    outb(VGA_GC_INDEX, i);
+    	    outb(VGA_GC_DATA, *regs);
+    	    regs++;
+    	}
+    	
+    	// Write attribute controller registers (21 registers)
+    	for (i = 0; i < 21; i++) {
+    	    inb(VGA_INSTAT_READ);  // Reset flip-flop
+    	    outb(VGA_AC_INDEX, i);
+    	    outb(VGA_AC_WRITE, *regs);
+    	    regs++;
+    	}
+    	
+    	// Enable video display
+    	inb(VGA_INSTAT_READ);
+    	outb(VGA_AC_INDEX, 0x20);
 }
 
 void
-term_setcolor(uint8_t color)
+vga_set_mode_13h(void)
 {
-        term_color = color;
+    	// Register values for VGA mode 13h (320x200, 256 colors)
+    	// Order: Misc, Seq[5], CRTC[25], GC[9], AC[21] 
+    	static uint8_t mode_320x200x256[] = {
+    	    // Misc output register
+    	    0x63,
+    	    // Sequencer registers
+    	    0x03, 0x01, 0x0F, 0x00, 0x0E,
+    	    // CRTC registers
+    	    0x5F, 0x4F, 0x50, 0x82, 0x54, 0x80, 0xBF, 0x1F,
+    	    0x00, 0x41, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    	    0x9C, 0x0E, 0x8F, 0x28, 0x40, 0x96, 0xB9, 0xA3,
+    	    0xFF,
+    	    // Graphics controller registers 
+    	    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x40, 0x05, 0x0F,
+    	    0xFF,
+    	    // Attribute controller registers 
+    	    0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+    	    0x08, 0x09, 0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0x0E, 0x0F,
+    	    0x41, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x00, 0x00
+    	};
+    	
+    	write_regs(mode_320x200x256);
 }
 
 void
-term_putentryat(char c, uint8_t color, size_t x, size_t y)
+vga_put_pixel(uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint8_t color)
 {
-         const size_t index = y * VGA_HEIGHT + x;
-         term_buf[index] = vga_entry(c, color);
+    	// check bounds 
+    	if (x >= VGA_WIDTH || y >= VGA_HEIGHT) return;
+    	
+    	// Direct write to video memory: offset = y * 320 + x
+    	uint8_t *vga = (uint8_t *)VGA_GRAPHICS_BUFFER;
+    	vga[y * VGA_WIDTH + x] = color;
 }
 
 void
-term_putchar(char c)
+vga_clear_screen(uint8_t color)
 {
-        term_putentryat(c, term_color, term_col, term_row);
-        if (++term_col == VGA_WIDTH) {
-                term_col = 0;
-                if (++term_row == VGA_HEIGHT) {
-                        term_row = 0;
-                }
-        }
-}
-
-void
-term_writestr(const char* data)
-{
-        for (size_t i = 0; data[i] != '\0'; i++) {
-                term_putchar(data[i]);
-        }
+    	uint8_t *vga = (uint8_t *)VGA_GRAPHICS_BUFFER;
+    	// fill entire buffer (64k pixels)
+    	for (int i = 0; i < VGA_WIDTH * VGA_HEIGHT; i++) {
+    	    vga[i] = color;
+    	}
 }
diff --git a/kernel/drivers/video/vga.o b/kernel/drivers/video/vga.o
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5565817a2de3e7b8f58bf8ea9e14b64662e9884c
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diff --git a/kernel/include/drivers/video/vga.h b/kernel/include/drivers/video/vga.h
index 7dc2869..8940ece 100644
--- a/kernel/include/drivers/video/vga.h
+++ b/kernel/include/drivers/video/vga.h
@@ -2,49 +2,30 @@
 #define VGA_H
 
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
 
-/* hardware text mode const */
-enum vga_color {
-        VGA_COLOR_BLACK = 0,
-        VGA_COLOR_BLUE = 1,
-        VGA_COLOR_GREEN = 2,
-        VGA_COLOR_CYAN = 3,
-        VGA_COLOR_RED = 4,
-        VGA_COLOR_MAGENTA = 5,
-        VGA_COLOR_BROWN = 6,
-        VGA_COLOR_LIGHT_GREY = 7,
-        VGA_COLOR_DARK_GREY = 8,
-        VGA_COLOR_LIGHT_BLUE = 9,
-        VGA_COLOR_LIGHT_GREEN = 10,
-        VGA_COLOR_LIGHT_CYAN = 11,
-        VGA_COLOR_LIGHT_RED = 12,
-        VGA_COLOR_LIGHT_MAGENTA = 13,
-        VGA_COLOR_LIGHT_BROWN = 14,
-        VGA_COLOR_WHITE = 15,
-};
+// VGA mem addr
+#define VGA_TEXT_BUFFER 0xB8000      // Text mode video memory
+#define VGA_GRAPHICS_BUFFER 0xA0000  // Graphics mode video memory
 
-static inline uint8_t
-vga_entry_color(enum vga_color fg, enum vga_color bg)
-{
-        return fg | bg << 4;
-}
+// VGA mode 13h dimensions
+#define VGA_WIDTH 320
+#define VGA_HEIGHT 200
 
-static inline uint16_t
-vga_entry(unsigned char uc, uint8_t color)
-{
-        return (uint16_t) uc | (uint16_t) color << 8;
-}
+// VGA register IO ports 
+#define VGA_AC_INDEX 0x3C0        // attribute controller index
+#define VGA_AC_WRITE 0x3C0        // attribute controller write
+#define VGA_AC_READ 0x3C1         // attribute controller read
+#define VGA_MISC_WRITE 0x3C2      // miscellaneous output register
+#define VGA_SEQ_INDEX 0x3C4       // sequencer index
+#define VGA_SEQ_DATA 0x3C5        // sequencer data
+#define VGA_GC_INDEX 0x3CE        // graphics controller index
+#define VGA_GC_DATA 0x3CF         // graphics controller data
+#define VGA_CRTC_INDEX 0x3D4      // CRT controller index
+#define VGA_CRTC_DATA 0x3D5       // CRT controller data
+#define VGA_INSTAT_READ 0x3DA     // input status read
 
-/* using mode 3 of VGA 80x25 */
-#define VGA_WIDTH 80
-#define VGA_HEIGHT 25
-#define VGA_MEMORY 0xA0000 /* VGA memory location */
+void vga_set_mode_13h(void);
+void vga_put_pixel(uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint8_t color);
+void vga_clear_screen(uint8_t color);
 
-void term_init(void);
-void term_setcolor(uint8_t color);
-void term_putentryat(char c, uint8_t color, size_t x, size_t y);
-void term_putchar(char c);
-void term_writestr(const char* data);
-
-#endif // VGA_H
+#endif
diff --git a/kernel/include/fb.h b/kernel/include/fb.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 8469e6e..0000000
--- a/kernel/include/fb.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef FB_H
-#define FB_H
-
-/* *pixel = vram + y*pitch + x*pixelwidth */
-
-/*
-  | width | how many pixels you have on a horizontal line                     |
-  |===========================================================================|
-  | height | how many horizontal lines of pixels are present                  |
-  |===========================================================================|
-  | pitch | how many bytes of VRAM you should skip to go one pixel down       |
-  |===========================================================================|
-  | depth | how many bits of color you have                                   |
-  |===========================================================================|
-  | pixelwidth | how many bytes of VRAM you should skip to go one pixel right |
-*/
-
-#include <klibc/types.h>
-
-void putpixel(int pos_x, int pos_y, unsigned char VGA_COLOR);
-
-#endif /* FB_H */
diff --git a/kernel/include/gdt.h b/kernel/include/gdt.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..790ba5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/include/gdt.h
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#ifndef GDT_H
+#define GDT_H
+
+typedef struct GDTEntry {
+	uint16_t limit;
+	uint16_t base_low;
+	uint16_t base_mid;
+	uint8_t base_high;
+	uint8_t access;
+	uint8_t granularity;
+} __attribute__((packed)) GDTEntry;
+
+typedef struct GDTPtr {
+	uint16_t limit;
+	uint64_t base;
+} __attribute__((packed)) GDTPtr;
+
+#define GDT_NUM_ENTRIES 5 /* including null descriptor */
+#define GDT_KERNEL_CODE 0x08
+#define GDT_KERNEL_DATA 0x10
+#define GDT_USER_CODE   0x18
+#define GDT_USER_DATA   0x20
+
+void initGDT();
+
+#endif /* GDT_H */
diff --git a/kernel/init/kernel.c b/kernel/init/kernel.c
index af2b5d9..527c081 100644
--- a/kernel/init/kernel.c
+++ b/kernel/init/kernel.c
@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
+#include <gdt.h>
 #include <klibc/string.h>
-/* #include <drivers/video/vga.h> */
+#include <drivers/video/vga.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <bootloader.h>
 
-static void hcf(void) {
-    for (;;) {
-        __asm__("hlt");
-    }
+static void
+hcf(void)
+{
+   	for (;;) {
+        	__asm__("hlt");
+    	}
 }
 
 void
@@ -14,27 +17,10 @@ kernel_main(void)
 {
         /* Make sure the bootloader understands our base revision */
         if (LIMINE_BASE_REVISION_SUPPORTED == 0) hcf();
+	
+	vga_set_mode_13h();
 
-        /* ensure a framebuffer */
-        if (framebuffer_request.response == NULL
-                || framebuffer_request.response->framebuffer_count < 1) hcf();
-
-        /* fetch the first framebuffer */
-        struct limine_framebuffer *framebuffer = framebuffer_request.response->framebuffers[0];
-
-        /* assume framebuffer model is RGB w/32-bit pixels */
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-                volatile uint32_t *fb_ptr = framebuffer->address;
-                fb_ptr[i * (framebuffer->pitch / 4) + i] = 0xffffff;
-        }
-
-        /* need to get an actual framebuffer driver working before we can use vga */
-
-        /*
-        term_init();
-
-        term_writestr("Hello World!");
-        */
+	/* initGDT(); */
 
         /* done so now hang */
         hcf();
diff --git a/kernel/init/kernel.o b/kernel/init/kernel.o
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/kernel/klibc/stdio.o b/kernel/klibc/stdio.o
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diff --git a/kernel/klibc/string.o b/kernel/klibc/string.o
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literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/kernel/x86/gdt.c b/kernel/x86/gdt.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d57583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/x86/gdt.c
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#include <gdt.h>
+
+static GDTEntry descriptors[5];
+static GDTPtr gdtptr;
+
+void
+gdt_reload()
+{
+	asm volatile("lgdt %0\n\t"
+		"push $0x28\n\t"
+		"lea 1f(%%rip), %%rax\n\t"
+             	"push %%rax\n\t"
+               	"lretq\n\t"
+               	"1:\n\t"
+               	"mov $0x30, %%eax\n\t"
+               	"mov %%eax, %%ds\n\t"
+               	"mov %%eax, %%es\n\t"
+               	"mov %%eax, %%fs\n\t"
+               	"mov %%eax, %%gs\n\t"
+               	"mov %%eax, %%ss\n\t"
+               	:
+               	: "m"(gdtptr)
+               	: "rax", "memory");	
+}
+
+void
+initGDT()
+{
+	/* null descriptor (0) */
+	descriptors[0].limit = 0;
+	descriptors[0].base_low = 0;
+  	descriptors[0].base_mid = 0;
+  	descriptors[0].access = 0;
+  	descriptors[0].granularity = 0;
+  	descriptors[0].base_high = 0;
+	
+	 /* kernel code 64 (40) */
+  	descriptors[1].limit = 0;
+  	descriptors[1].base_low = 0;
+  	descriptors[1].base_mid = 0;
+  	descriptors[1].access = 0b10011010;
+  	descriptors[1].granularity = 0b00100000;
+  	descriptors[1].base_high = 0;
+
+  	/* kernel data 64 (48) */
+  	descriptors[2].limit = 0;
+  	descriptors[2].base_low = 0;
+  	descriptors[2].base_mid = 0;
+  	descriptors[2].access = 0b10010010;
+  	descriptors[2].granularity = 0;
+  	descriptors[2].base_high = 0;
+
+	// user code 64 (72)
+  	descriptors[3].limit = 0;
+  	descriptors[3].base_low = 0;
+  	descriptors[3].base_mid = 0;
+  	descriptors[3].access = 0b11111010;
+  	descriptors[3].granularity = 0b00100000;
+  	descriptors[3].base_high = 0;
+
+  	// user data 64. (80)
+  	descriptors[4].limit = 0;
+  	descriptors[4].base_low = 0;
+  	descriptors[4].base_mid = 0;
+  	descriptors[4].access = 0b11110010;
+  	descriptors[4].granularity = 0;
+  	descriptors[4].base_high = 0;
+	
+	gdtptr.limit = sizeof(descriptors) - 1;
+	gdtptr.base = (uint64_t)&descriptors;
+
+	gdt_reload();
+}
diff --git a/kernel/x86/gdt.o b/kernel/x86/gdt.o
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12e173dfd50dcb528208d15dbfb7ff97185949ec
GIT binary patch
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literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/scripts/limine-git.sh b/scripts/limine-git.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..6bc1771
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/limine-git.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+if [ ! -d ./limine/ ]; then
+	git clone https://github.com/limine-bootloader/limine.git --branch=v9.x-binary --depth=1
+	make -C limine
+
+	cp -v limine/limine-bios.sys limine/limine-bios-cd.bin \
+    	limine/limine-uefi-cd.bin isodir/boot/limine/
+
+	mkdir -p isodir/EFI/BOOT
+
+	cp -v limine/BOOTX64.EFI isodir/EFI/BOOT/
+	cp -v limine/BOOTIA32.EFI isodir/EFI/BOOT/
+fi